How Does of Mice and Men Present the Life of a Migrant Worker

John Steinbeck did represent the lives of migrant workers in his novel Of Mice and Men. The lives of migrant workers were hard, challenging and unrewarding. Migrant workers suffered from poverty because they were low-wage workers. They were forced to travel between American states in search of seasonal work . In the novel; John Steinbeck shows the harsh reality of their lives. During the Great Depression most men were forced to move around on their own to make money to send home to their families. Most felt isolated and found it hard to make friends as they moved around so much because of the nature of their work. Loneliness is a theme in this novel that is reflective of the time period in which the novel was written. Steinbeck shows the loneliness of the migrant ranch workers through Curley when one of the characters says â€Å"Curley ain’t giving no-one a chance,† this shows how reserved the workers become as a result of constantly being on their own and having no stable relationships. George and Lennie are different however, and do have someone they can talk to and throughout the novella most characters are suspicious of their close relationship. During the time when the book is set The American Dream was very much alive. During the time of The Great Depression many people packed up their families and headed for LA as that seemed to be the best place to go. Each individual had their own interpretation of their ideal situation for life. For many this would be fame or fortune but George and Lennie had their own idea. George and Lenny both shared â€Å"The American. Dream† of owning their own small farm house. This is what keeps both of the characters motivated throughout the novel. ‘Some day – we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and –‘, George and Lennie constantly repeat this phrase continuously throughout the novella. When George talks about the dream ranch Lennie gets really excited about it even though he has heard it a thousand times. Lennie finds that having the â€Å"dream ranch† repeated to him, soothes his mind and makes him feel happy. Also, it allows him to have something to look forward to. Many times during the book Lennie mentions taking care of rabbits. Lennie likes the fact that he will be able to have something to take care of and that they will be his own. Also, letting him know that he will tend the rabbits works as an incentive for him not to get in trouble, the quote â€Å"But you ain’t going to get in no trouble, because if you do, I won’t let you tend the rabbits† proves that Lennie will try to stay out of trouble as much as he can.

Message of the poem “On my first Sonne” Essay

â€Å"On my first Sonne† is a poem where Jonson describes his reaction to sorrow when his first son dies. Jonson confronts conflict, loss and despair when â€Å"Ben Jonson his best piece of poetrie† was â€Å"exacted by fate, on the just day†. He uses his son as an inspiration in this poem and describes his different stages that he has gone through by using language and structural features in this poem. The structural layout in this poem suggests that a progression of ideas is taking place. The first five lines indicate struggle, conflict, loss and despair. He experiences shock and guilt as he says, â€Å"My sinne was too much hope of thee, loved boy†. The feeling then develops to acceptance in line six, where he asks rhetorically â€Å"For why will man lament the state he should envie?† Jonson then follows this statement with various points trying to argue his bitterness and guilt. Simultaneously, he resolves his feelings in the last lines by saying â€Å"For whose sake henceforth, all his vowes be such,† Throughout the poem, modality in verbs changes, this supports the idea mentioned above. Jonson uses low modalities and conditional phrases at the beginning of the poem to show doubt, confusion and guilt. Because of the progression of ideas throughout the poem, the modality in the verbs change from low and conditional to high modality and declarative. He shows this by using this phrase at line nine: â€Å"REST in soft peace, and, asked, SAY here doth LYE.† These contrasts with the phrase used in line five when he says â€Å"O, COULD I loose all father now?† which has a low modality. Jonson uses part rhyme in the words â€Å"Sonne†, â€Å"sinne†, â€Å"soone† and â€Å"Jonson† to link them together. This highlights the development of ideas and the motif of the poem. These words are meant as metaphors of all his feelings towards the loss of his son. Jonson uses the phrase â€Å"Farewell, thou child of my right hand and joy† to describe what his first child meant to him. Jonson uses an intertextual link to the bible when mentioning â€Å"child of my right hand†. He is referring to Benoni, the eleventh son of Jacob [Israel] in the book of Genesis. Benoni means child of grief and Benjamin means the son of my right hand. The poet  uses this analogy to describe his feelings of the painful departing of his son and what it meant to him. â€Å"Joy† is used to contrast Benoni and causes confusion and uncertainty. Another language feature in this poem is presented in line three, â€Å"Seven yeeres thou wert lent to me, and I thee pay†. This phrase has twelve syllables and has three stresses at â€Å"SEVEN YEERES THOU†, meanwhile the other lines have ten syllables and are in iambic metre. This is used to emphasis the â€Å"seven yeeres† that his child lived. â€Å"Lent† and â€Å"pay† are contrasts. These two words illustrate that Jonson considered God as an owner of his child, rather than his own. â€Å"O, could I loose all father now.† (line 5) and â€Å"Ben Jonson his best piece of poetrie† (line 10) uses polysemy to interpret different characters. Jonson uses polysemy in line five to interpret three characters; Ben Jonson Sr., Ben Jonson Jr. and the Heavenly father himself. If the words are moved around, there will be different interpretation to the phrase. â€Å"O† signifies pain and clamor. â€Å"Could I loose all father now† can have different interpretations. Ben Jonson Sr. could have meant that he will lose his privilege as a father, Ben Jonson Jr. could interpret that he will lose his father and the â€Å"father† can be read as the heavenly father. Likewise, the line â€Å"Ben Jonson his best piece of poetrie† can be referred as Ben Jonson Sr. or Ben Jonson Jr. This polysemy can refer as the son being the â€Å"best piece of poetrie† that Ben Jonson Sr. has ever wrote or that the inner self of Ben Jonson Sr. â€Å"doth lye† dead. Rhyming couplets are used to indicate Father and Son are paired as one together. The poem is composed in twelve lines with the rhyming scheme of AABB. This suggests that the Father and Son are united even though that death has separated them. Line five and six has the same rhyme than line nine and ten. Line six set up a rhetoric question, â€Å"For why Will man lament the state he could ENVIE? Line nine and ten define the â€Å"state† that â€Å"man†¦could envie† in reference to the poet’s feeling, â€Å"Rest in soft peace, and, asked, say here doth lye Ben Jonson his best piece of POETRIE.† These four lines have the same rhyme. This language device is used to link the four lines together to indicate us a connection between the question and the answer. Throughout the poem, Jonson changes from first person to third person. This stresses the separation between the father and the departed son. Jonson uses first person in the first half of the poem, speaking to Jonson jr. directly as he is alive, when he says:: â€Å"My sinne was too much love of thee, loved boy,† This line puts the words into the reader’s mouth, making the reader think that Jonson was speaking to the boy. But as the poem develops; Ben Jonson Sr. and Son are being divided apart. Later on, third person is used to indicate separation. Jonson uses this technique to show polysemy and argue that the son and father are still together even though death separated them. The use of sibilance in the poem creates a peaceful and restful atmosphere. Jonson builds up sibilance consonants throughout the poem. This could mean that Ben Jonson Sr. is reconciling with the feeling of pain that he is undergoing with his struggle. A good indication could be line seven; â€Å"soone scap’d worlds†, it has three unstressed syllables in a row, suggesting a change of mood in the poem. This is followed by line nine that has five sibilance: â€Å"REST in SOFT PEACE, and, ASKED, SAY here doth lye.† This line possesses sibilance supporting the idea of a tranquil mood in line seven. Jonson concludes the poem by vowing not to love â€Å"he†¦never like too much†. This father’s feeling on the loss of his son, has brought Jonson to use various structural features to identify his stages of sorrow he has gone thought. The use of various language features, such as polysemy and rhyme describe his various interpretations to his grief and gives the reader the challenge to understand fully â€Å"Ben Jonson his best piece of poetrie†.

Case Analysis of Yahoo Business Model Essay

Abstract Yahoo! business model is to perform value creation activities to maximum its long run profitability in the internet advertising industry. Yahoo! first started as a simple directory. And today, it’s a global internet communication, commerce, and media company that serve 237 million individual users monthly. Because of the huge number of users now are using Yahoo! as a first look up website, its advertising revenue become a lot. To have a competitive advantage and get maximum profitability, Yahoo! decided to pursue vertical integration strategy. The benefit of vertical integration is to increase the quality of their products. ­Ã‚ ­ Yahoo Business Model Introduction Yahoo! Inc. is an American multinational Internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo Search, and related services, including Yahoo Directory, Yahoo Mail, Yahoo News, Yahoo Finance, Yahoo Groups, Yahoo Answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States. According to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On July 16, 2012, former Google executive Marissa Mayer was named as Yahoo CEO and President, effective July 17, 2012. According to comScore, Yahoo during July 2013 surpassed Google on the number of United States visitors to its Web sites for the first time since May 2011, set at 196 million United States visitors, having increased by 21 percent in a year. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s. Like engines and Web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo! was the most popular starting point for web users. It also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the dot-com bubble, Yahoo  stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3, 2000. However, after the dot-com bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26, 2001. Business Model To take an early view of this company, one can come to realize that it was actually bravery and uniqueness that contributed to most of Yahoo’s young business plan. The owners had the veracity and guts to take their web site to the next level, from a small web site list to a well-known brand name and beyond. Most of the foundations for Yahoo were laid before the Dot Com Boom, meaning very few people had ever made a venture like this one. Yahoo’s business model was about stepping up and taking risk. The founders of this great company strove to make their web site unique, a feature-full piece of the internet that would consolidate the regular web user’s preferences into one place. Yahoo was about having a home on the internet. Soon Yahoo grew, and soon after the Dot Com Boom they were making share-price history, particularly in Japan. Things were going exceptionally well for this company, but as competition entered the fray, the young business minds behind the behemoth realized that their business model had to change. It was no longer unique in the sense that web sites like MSN and Google were bumping shoulders. Yahoo was in danger to losing their appeal. That’s when they realized that their primary focus from there on in would have to be diversification. Yahoo wanted to be about having everything you needed on the internet in one place. As technology developed people were doing more and more of their regular business online. Yahoo had to diversify and fast. Yahoo primarily wanted people to be able to find whatever they needed on this web site, so they soon started acquiring search engines. They later made a deal with Google and made a partnership with the largest search engine on the internet. This of course wasn’t enough to fit their business model of diversification. Yahoo moved into a pact with Verizon and launched their own internet DSL service. They introduced communication with Yahoo Messenger. They allowed people to check their e-mail with Yahoo Webmail. Soon enough they had everything from games to TV listings to personals. Diversification was going swimmingly for Yahoo. They soon controlled everything that the average person needed on the internet. They were finally  becoming the internet super-power they are today. However, it was quickly realized that their business model had to change again. Diversification was reaching its limit, so Yahoo began to focus on growth and expansion the focus of its business model today. The company began to acquire companies such as Flickr, expanding their online empire. This is where we see Yahoo today. An online sensation that won’t stop. Its growth is now its primary focus, and who knows where their developing business model will take them next. (See Visibility of Yahoo! Brand was realized by comScore Matrix in 2004). Yahoo Corporate Governance and strategic Issue Yahoo! faces a number of governance and strategic challenges in late 2011 as it tries to compete with rivals such as Google and find ways to monetize its shareholding and business links with Alibaba Group in China and Yahoo! Japan. The company was valued at almost half the offer that Microsoft had made in its acquisition offer in 2008. The depth of the challenge is underscored by the frequent CEO changes the company has had. The case examines the successes and failures at Yahoo! and the decisions now facing its board as it encounters investor pressure to improve performance. The problem at Yahoo! was that it was losing its advantage to faster-growing companies such as Google also the scope of organization’s activities was not defined properly as per Market Demand. For example, should the organization concentrate on one area of activity, or should it have many? I believed that Yahoo! was spread too thinly over too many different activities. Overall I can Say Yahoo Corporate Goveranance was lacking clarity of ownership, accountability, lack in focused, cohesive vision for there company. Yahoo, while not a dying company, has struggled to stay relevant after it missed the two biggest trends on the internet: social networks and the move to mobile devices as the gateway to information and entertainment. Yahoo total revenue in millions Recommendation to Mayer Marissa Mayer is an ex-Google exec, after 13-year career at the biggest  Cloud Company on Earth, Mayer brings relevant experience to the CEO position of the once-great Web Company. Mayer knows who she’s competing against, she wants to win, and that means Yahoo! needs to attract Valley-class talents. Mayer did what leaders do: She made a decision that made some people unhappy in order to achieve success for the whole enterprise (toned-up employees and shareholders). After seeing Yahoo! lose altitude year after year, the criticism leveled at Mayer makes me optimistic about the company’s future. Yahoo total revenue in millions of dollars Mobile Products Mayer’s first task should be to articulate a vision for Yahoo. Mayer should be more focused on As we know that Mobile is the future and mobile transition is now a global phenomenon so I recommend Mayer to be more focused on users habits through products and applications available on its web portal such as finance, news, weather, email, sports, etc Mobile Competition Mayer has to be well prepared for mobile competition, report suggest that Facebook and google is now expected to reach a market share of almost 40% of the mobile advertising market in the US next year. Its mobile games and apps are showing no signs of slowing down, Facebook and Google is sure to give Yahoo! a tough time as the latter tries to expand into mobile. Revenue diversification While increasing usage Yahoo! needs to put more focus on growing international presence and appealing to a broader demographic of users. At present, Yahoo! derives 75% of its total revenue from the Americas region, something that needs to be worked on in the future. Search growth and Advertisement Internet Search should continue to be a key area of investment for Yahoo! .Yahoo! should improve more on the advertising quality on its search engine, If Yahoo! can maintain above key areas than I think it’s likely to grow even further in the future. References: Yahoo FAQs. (2012). Investors FAQs . Retrieved from http://yhoo.client.shareholder.com/faq.cfm Jones, G. R. (2007). Yahoo. In C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones (Eds.), Strategic Management AnIntegrated Approach (8th ed., pp. C102-C114). Boston, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Yahoo! we value. Retrieved from http://docs.yahoo.com/info/values/ Yahoo 10K. (2011, 12 31). Yahoo 10k Annual Report . Retrieved from http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/YHOO/2120211742x0xS1193125-12-86972/1011006/filing.pdf Income statement Retrieved from http://in.finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=YHOOWomack, B. (2012, 08 10). Yahoo strategy review may result in changes to cash plans. Bloomberg, Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-08-09/yahoo-ceo-strategy-review-may-result-in-changes-to-cash-plans.html The NewYork Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/technology/companies/14baidu.html?_r=1Claburn, T. (2006, 01 13). Yahoo loses lawsuit over nazi memorabilia sale.

Selecting a Disciple-Maker's Message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selecting a Disciple-Maker's Message - Essay Example These are tradition, observation, participation, and inspiration (Servants of Grace, The Disciple-Maker’s Message). To further discuss these points that the author made, tradition was used to pertain to the teaching and doctrines God relayed to his disciples when he was still alive. This source is a basis of credibility that needs to be established by any evangelist to ensure that the message truly came from God and is not any person’s own understanding or interpretation of God’s word which is subject to error. Also, in being able to cite certain scriptures from the Bible that directly came from God’s word would mean the avoidance of false teachings or prophecies. Observation, the second source to which a disciple-maker should shape his or her message from is also very significant in such a way that one is able to know how to approach one’s audience. People who still do not have any knowledge of God’s word would take a spiritual message diffe rently because of what they were taught, where they came from, what they are currently going through and etc. With this said, being able to shape an effective message that would open their hearts to God would entail knowing which among God’s promises in Bible to highlight. ... This will not only give them hope but also make them realize that no matter what kind of past they have, it is never too late to get to know our loving God. The final source is inspiration, which for me, means praying and allowing the Holy Spirit to speak through you. This for me is also a very important reminder that what you are doing is for God’s glory and not your own. When it comes to the forms of a disciple-maker’s message, Mitchell suggests tackling forms such as the subject matter, environment, life experiences, and one’s own life as a model (Servants of Grace, The Disciple-Maker’s Message). The subject matter is the main message that the disciple wants to convey. Being able to choose a specific topic is key in being able to convey a simple and yet clear message your audience can easily understand and absorb. Environment pertains to one’s choice of audience, where knowing their behavior and experiences can be very helpful in shaping an effec tive message. The third & fourth form, which is life experience & the communicators’ life/message are basically a sharing of testimonials to help the audience know how to apply God’s word into real life which is at most tricky for all of us and yet is a very good source of inspiration that despite the impossibility of living a Christian life, our loving and forgiving God gives us the grace to do so. 2 With all these said, I could see so many teachings in the Bible that corresponds to the points Mitchell made in shaping an effective evangelical message. According to 1 Corinthians 2:6, â€Å"We do, however, speak a message of wisdom among the mature, but not the wisdom of this age or of the rulers of this age, who are coming to nothing† (Bible Gateway, 1

Equity as a Framework of Law. History of Equity Jurisprudence Essay

Equity as a Framework of Law. History of Equity Jurisprudence - Essay Example The author provides an intensive discussion of equity by placing the law within the wider context of the changes it has gone through throughout history. This book compares equity and modern law, which is relevant to this discussion, especially in considering the various conflicts, which are present. Dixon M, Contemporary Perspectives on Property, Equity, and Trusts Law (1st, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007) Martin Dixon counters common perceptions about equity as an area of law that is static, continuing the argument presented by Scott Atkins in Equity and Trusts. The author sets out to demonstrate that equity is still vibrant and dynamic with case law and new legislation. Divided into two parts, the second portion of the book sees the author focus on conscience and natural justice with regards to equity and impact of equity law on various regulations in the UK. This book will aid in my discussions on the nature of equity and its conflict with law. Rahmatian A, Introduction: Lor d Kames and His Principles of Equity (3rd, Glasgow, University of Glasgow 2011) 42 This book is a work of applied legal philosophy with principled and logical jurisprudential discussion regarding the scenarios of legal conflicts and solutions that equity proposed. The author argues that equity allows for the development of abstract paradigms and mechanisms for legal solutions, which act to inspire real life solutions sans requirement to adhere slavishly to the model. According to the author, equity bridges the gap between the meticulous but exegetic lawyer and the creative but not meticulous philosopher. This will be used to discuss the nature of equity and its role in mediating legal conflicts that require more than just legal interpretation. Ahart A, 'A Stern Reminder That the...These precedents in law refer to the rules used by judges of common law to make decisions in legal disputes. Judges in the common law legal system are responsible for creating and/or refining laws. Common law is binding to any future decisions made by the court, although a court’s decisions can only bind future decisions in that specific jurisdiction. Equity refers to legal principles that follow in the traditions of English common Law in every jurisdiction and supplement potentially harsh application of strict rules of law, to achieve natural justice. This paper will seek to elaborate on the creation of the equity system and the reasoning behind it, as well as the nature of equity and its conflict with common law. Emergence of Equity as a System of Law Early English equity jurisprudence history shows a clear distinction from law. This distinction, however, has become blurred with time. Equity refers, generally, to correction of errors or defects present in the law. The concept of equity has apparent roots to Aristotle’s concept of equity as an exception to the rule, in which the pronouncement made by the lawgiver was erroneous and defective. A law could be deemed erroneous or defective for various reasons, including the need to avoid the possibility of administering injustice when deciding â€Å"hard cases†.

Business Communication - Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Communication - Letter - Assignment Example It is possible to allow women to drive while placing other measures of ensuring that they preserve their dignity and that they remain safe. We are well aware of the sensitivity of the matter at hand. However, societies do not undergo a change in a single day. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia needs adequate time for it to undergo social and political changes that would give women more freedom. As a company, we understand the commitment of the Saudi Human Rights Commission in ensuring that women in this country get an opportunity to enjoy their human rights freely. However, we also recognize that there are relevant procedures and platforms that need to exist for the recognition of any visible social change. We hope that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia can reconsider its position and allow women to drive while still protecting their dignity and safety. Therefore, all the stakeholders involved should critically discuss the issue at hand and develop a viable

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs Essay

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs - Essay Example The legislations made with respect to entrepreneurs and enterprises are complicated and cumbersome. Entrepreneurs find these legislations difficult to grasp without the help of proper legal help. They think that legislations should be made in a way that they are easy to understand and follow by everyone. Also some critics of government believe that its policies have hurt the economy and market structures. By holding on to the status quo government has stifled entrepreneurial activities. People believe that government needs to do more to help them succeed in their enterprising efforts. "The American economy is dying, but not from natural causes. It is being strangled to death in a coordinated pincer attack. America's ability to survive, produce and prosper is being systematically destroyed by socialistic taxes and regulations that make U.S. production of virtually everything increasingly uneconomical. Simultaneously, the same legislators and government officials who are impeding American producers are opening the floodgates to cheap foreign goods that are not burdened with the same debilitating taxes, regulations and mandates" (Jasper, 2003). Government should pass legislations to support a market economy in support of entrepreneurs in particular. ... Government Policies Government is currently making policies for different sets of groups. Different group have different needs and wants. There could be some policies that encompass all and sundry but at some level government has to look at the specific groups. Some groups make bigger investments in their enterprises while some start their business on a small scale. Some belong to a particular ethnic group with specific needs while some belong to another. Government can make policies on two different levels that general policies for all and specific policies for particular sectors or groups as one policy fits all can not work in case of entrepreneurs. Blanket Policies Government can pursue certain blanket policies applicable to all entrepreneurs. The government has already established special organizations like SBA that support small businesses. These organizations support start up firms regarding the whole procedure of conducting business. General legislations apply to all small businesses and industries. Following important blanket policies could be adopted by the government: Financing and Capital The most important blanket policies that US government could adopt would be regarding financing and capital availability. Whenever someone wants to start a new business the most difficult step becomes financing. Entrepreneur takes a lot of risk while trying to establish a new business venture. They put in all their efforts and hard work to make their business succeed. Some even leave their routine and comfortable jobs for their enterprising ventures. They can all do this only if a solid financing is provided to them. Government's rule becomes crucial here. Currently organizations like Small Business Administration (SBA) provide

The Portray of African-American women in 1960s Research Paper

The Portray of African-American women in 1960s - Research Paper Example John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1961 and he became a president who was very much dedicated to the protection and establishment of civil rights for all Americans (Zeitz, 2006). Two years after he was elected, Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his ‘I Have a Dream’ speech, and in the process, inspired many African Americans and civil rights groups to firmly seek the equal protection of their rights, regardless of their skin color (Zeitz, 2006). When President Lyndon Johnson took over as president after Kennedy’s assassination, he also firmly pressed support for civil rights laws, and in 1964, the Civil Rights Act was signed by Johnson. This law made racial segregation in America legally actionable (Marwick, 1998). A year after the Civil Rights Act was signed, the National Voting Rights Act was also passed into law, and this law also ensured that discrimination in voting practices would become legally actionable (Marwick, 1998). Towards the end of the 1960s, Presi dent Richard Nixon would soon take over and the Vietnam War would also take center stage in American issues and politics. Nevertheless, the legal foundations for civil rights were laid out during the 1960s (Marwick, 1998). For African-Americans, it marked a time when they were finally able to gain full equal and legal status as their white counterparts. For African-American women in the 1960s, it also marked a period of transition. The Emancipation Proclamation during the 1860s was meant to free African-Americans from slavery, however, this did not necessarily grant the African-Americans equal rights under the law (Stack, 1974). They were still very much discriminated against by general society, and not allowed the same rights and privileges as the whites. The Jim Crow Laws of 1876 also passed segregation laws for the black communities, separating them from the white communities (Stack, 1974). These laws also indicated where the African-Americans were supposed to live. These practic es would however soon gain the ire of the African-Americans as gradually many of them, along with civil rights activists sought equal rights for all Americans regardless of race (Quintard, 2003). The decision of the Supreme Court in 1954 on the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas also started the ball rolling for the desegregation in schools. However, major strides towards racial desegregation on a wider scale were still not seen (Quintard, 2003). Anthropologist Carol Stack in her book ‘All Our Kin’ focused on what she refers to as Jackson Harbor in order to examine the discrimination practices against the African Americans (Stack, 1974). Stack (1974) discusses that in Jackson Harbor, in Mississippi, poverty and racial discrimination played a huge part in romantic inclinations and relations. For one, women usually viewed men in a stereotypical fashion – behaving bad, drinking, being violent, being involved in crimes, and the like (Stack, 1974). Women al so saw themselves as the more reliable individuals, and the fact that they had access to welfare made them more formidable individuals than their male counterparts. Stack (1974) discusses how within the community, the African-American women possessed equal rights in relation to African American men. However as far as the bigger world is concerned, the white-dominated American society through its racist and sexist practices had great control over the lives of African American women. In effect, these women had the power to make the decisions for their families and themselves,

Drawing from the course materials, discuss one challenge and one Essay

Drawing from the course materials, discuss one challenge and one opportunity presented to a person who takes on the role of frontline manager in a health or social care service - Essay Example The essay also sheds light on two important aspects of a manager’s role: one challenge and one opportunity that he is presented with and the ways in which he can handle them. The role of a manager is easier said than done. That’s because he has to shoulder many responsibilities. His actions are under constant vigilance by his peers, subordinates and superiors. Anything good that a manager may try to implement can have possible negative as well as positive effects on the entire organization. Thus well analyzed action plan is a must. Becoming a manager requires constant efforts and determination. It also requires leadership qualities such as patience, ability to lead and guide, perseverance, ability to interact well with everyone, etc. A person achieves this through hard work. Along with the respect that it brings, the managerial responsibilities seep the manager of all his energy and demand careful work at every stage. At a health care service unit, a manager comes to deal with a variety of people such as the care takers or the doctors, the accounting department, the staff, the patients or the consumers or the victims of health problems, managers from other branches of the health care unit and so on. While discussing the manager’s role let us analyze for him, Managerial activity is a process of continuous change (Activity 3.2, p.33). One has to understand the current situation and implement new policies accordingly. No matter whatever are your previous experiences, being a manager is every time a new lesson. The first thing that comes to our mind about a manager is the amount of power that he is entrusted with! Indeed this power can work wonders if handled with opportune execution. He needs to be flexible enough to shape circumstances and adapt to demands of employed people and consumers. With all his powers he has the authority to regularize and implement changes such as discipline, better dress codes,

Early Childhood Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early Childhood Education - Research Paper Example Learning a second language improves the knowledge and awareness of the child. The similarities and differences between the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the languages would help him to understand the sounds, the words, and the rules for constructing a sentence in the most standard way. Moreover, researchers have proved that learning a new language bring several other qualities in children. It would build the foreign language comprehension and speech of children and would also improve the English verbal and listening skills. Early language study has much to do with the student’s higher performance in basic skills. New language learning also would strengthen the math and analytical skills of children. Moreover, learning foreign language would increase the exposure of the children to new cultures and different backgrounds and shall raise the self esteem of children. Learning Additional Language in Schools Coming to the case of learning languages, experts are of the opi nion that learning should start from schools and colleges. It is always not practical to teach adults as they may not have sufficient time and mentality to learn a new language. Learning a language is completely different from learning other matters. Surveys and research has come up with the conclusion that children are better learners as far as language learning is concerned. Governments (in most EU countries) are insisting to start the language class at schools and colleges so that children when they become adult citizens would be able to use it properly. Citizens who speak more than one language are really an asset to the nation. So parents and educational institutions are interested in adding a foreign... As the discussion declares learning a second language improves the knowledge and awareness of the child. The similarities and differences between the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the languages would help him to understand the sounds, the words, and the rules for constructing a sentence in the most standard way. Moreover, researchers have proved that learning a new language bring several other qualities in children. It would build the foreign language comprehension and speech of children and would also improve the English verbal and listening skills. Early language study has much to do with the student’s higher performance in basic skills. New language learning also would strengthen the math and analytical skills of children. Moreover, learning foreign language would increase the exposure of the children to new cultures and different backgrounds and shall raise the self esteem of children.According to the report findings  learning a language is completely differen t from learning other matters. Surveys and research has come up with the conclusion that children are better learners as far as language learning is concerned.  Language teachings can a part of the curriculum or it can be a part of extracurricular activity in the school syllabi. Learning must start from the lower class itself as it would take few years to learn a language.  Native people will have difficulty in accessing such people and may have communication problems when dealing in such areas.

Survices Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Survices Marketing - Essay Example Customer complaints may help the management team to identify internal weaknesses in service provision, and help the company improve. In the end, a complaint benefits the firm positively. Moreover, if the complaint from the customer is handled professionally, the customer may recommend others to the firm’s product or services. The experience of Qantas Airlines helped me to understand the correct procedure for handling complaints from customers in a professional way. I gained familiarity with the critical aspects that should be highlighted when responding to a customer’s complaint. More specifically, I learned how to exhibit timeliness, facilitation, redress, apology, credibility, and attentiveness when handling complaints from customers. In addition, I realized that a customer’s response should be personalized and well framed so that it exhibits the firm’s recognition of its mistakes, but does not reflect negatively on the reputation of the company. The knowledge I gained is of critical importance in the business world. In the future, I will be in a position to handle customer complaints professionally (Barlow & MÃ ¸ller 2006, p.

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay Example for Free

Pepsi One Case Study Journal Essay PepsiCo, along with Coca-Cola, are two firms dominating the U. S beverage market with almost 76% collectively in 1998. This rivalry became more serious as PepsiCo released Pepsi One in order to increase its market. By properly applying the market audit, Pepsi One has succeeded in expanding the market, considered as a Pepsi core displays. Business structures of rivals, PepsiCo and Coca-Cola are virtually similar. As customers demand delicious products, firms have turned to marketing service companies, reducing their role as manufacturers. Its American operations have been transformed into sales and development markets. Innovation and technology departments are established, taking responsibilities of generating new products, packaging, and equipment. PepsiCo and Coca-Cola have the same business objectives which are strengthening brand image, expanding market, and beating their rivals in the beverage market, particularly for carbonated soft-drinks. PepsiCo’s marketing goal was to enhance customer’s awareness of its brand image, inform them about its new products, and reduce the consumer resistance to buy the products. In order to obtain these goals, PepsiCo has applied the market audit. Basing on the current results, it was founded that beverages with cola flavor witnessed a downward trend in sale as the customers were expecting a better tasting soft-drink. Hence, the concept for the new product was to develop a low-calorie drink that was similar to sugared soft-drink while avoiding the bitter aftertaste. Subsequently, by utilizing market analysis, particularly market segmentation and market targeting, the marketing department figured out who was going to be Pepsi One’s market. Pepsi One was then considered as a soft-drink for young men in their 20s and 30s who are afraid of the word diet and the bitter aftertaste. By conducting these tests, Pepsi believed their new product would reach a whole new audience. The role of marketing department in achieving PepsiCo’s marketing goals was undeniable since it is important to comprehend the market trend before launching a new product, the innovation and technology departments also had a significant role because being creative and to differentiate the products is markedly demanded in a highly competitive market. These departments advocated Pepsi One by using a unique marketing strategy to capture the market. At this point, the chairman of PepsiCo (1997) claimed â€Å"This is a real-time business, and we’re going to be a real-time company†. It is clear that Pepsi One flourished due to the contribution of these two departments. In conclusion, Pepsi One has succeeded in the soft-drink market. This is derived from understanding the market through market audit and using an appropriate market strategy. Pepsi One has helped its firm to gain the market and beat its rival Coca-Cola at low calorie soft-drink market.

Fashion in the Elizabethan and Jacobean era

Fashion in the Elizabethan and Jacobean era Similarities and differences between Elizabethan and Jacobean Era fashion. The Elizabethan and Jacobean Era fashion had a lot of similarities along with many differences. They both had a unique way of fashion whereby fashion to them brought great and better organize and proper foundation. The Elizabeth era were more into the v shape clothing whereby the clothes were more to fit the shape and body structure. While during the Jacobean era more of the â€Å"U† shaped clothing was worn. The Jacobean Era came up to be so enticed by ruffs, where clothing made from shiny, smooth silk satins and play of light on these fine fabrics. But the French or wheel farthingale from the Elizabethan Era had be replaced with a softer mode of kilting the gown skirts. The open jacket and gown shaped like the letter â€Å"U† were now being worn over the abdomen. They both on the other hand, used clothing as a way to distinguish and set standards, differential their time and build a society of more civilized and great power. The Elizabethan Era was into being quite elegant and classy .It was just another fashion conscious era, in which the way to show their personality and individuality was through their way of style and fashion. They were more known on fashion ideas and the way people found self-expression through it. In the beginning of the Elizabethan Era, women dressed casual and formal and The Elizabethan Era simply refers to a period, which was under the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Elizabethan Era is also known as the Golden Age in History. This was the time when one saw the great new formation of English literature. It was also a brief period, which saw some amount of internal peace between the English Reformation and the clashes between other communities. Clothing in the Elizabethan Era also saw an influence of geometric shapes. They took time and effort in showing of the natural shape and structure of their individual bodies. They decorated their body with fine materials that was quite great in amount, size and quality. They did this so to perceive an impression of a small waist. And this was not only shown in women but men as well, where they also wanted really thin body so to show their masculinity. One would also need to note that the Elizabethan Era was one such period, which saw a proper division of class. With it, fashion was a way to distinguish great class and status. The Sumptuary Laws were passed that stated the kind of clothing one would have to wear. Fashion also saw many changes and in the beginning of the Elizabethan Era, one can notice that the Elizabethan clothing was styled to cover every part of a womans body. Elizabethan clothing was also characterized by the kind of class one belonged to. People who belonged to the lower strata of society wore clothing made from materials like wool, sheepskin and even linen. People who belonged to this category were not allowed to wear materials in silk or even have velvet trimmings. Mens clothing in the Elizabethan Era also witnessed quite a few changes. Men wore ‘jerkins which were shirts with buttons down in the front. Men who belonged to the upper class also wore fine silk hats with a single feather. Shoes were always made of fine quality leather. Long, flowing cloaks and tall hats were also added to the kind of clothing worn in the Elizabethan Era. These laws were passed by Queen Elizabeth and were also known as Statutes of Apparel. It was basically done to clearly demarcate the social structure existing in the Elizabethan Era. The Queen herself and only her relations were allowed to wear clothing that used gold or gold tissue as an embellishment. In the Jacobean Era, as the ruff grew in size and ornamentation, the rest of the clothing became more simple and elegant but if one was to look carefully, one will notice clothing made from shiny, smooth silk satins and painters who reveled in the play of light on these fine fabrics. The drape of these glorious textiles was emphasized by the arrangement of the fabric over the hips. Another style exists about the same time. Open-front jackets or gowns reveal brightly colored brocade stomachers shaped in a low U over the abdomen. The style is best portrayed in Rubens Portrait of himself, where his first wife, Isabella Brant. Most of the portraits of women drawn of the Jacobean Era, they featured women wearing the ornate stomachers, whish are usually in only bit of color in an outfit of the rest of which is shockingly black. This stomachers seems to be the Dutchwomans outlet for panache. The bodice is still quite structured, varying from a shockingly low necking to a high collar, but the gown skirts or petticoats have become softer and no longer appear to be worn with a farthingale. The ornate decoration of the Elizabethan period also seems to be subsiding. It is being replaced by the sumptuous silks and minimal trim that so clearly mark the Stuart fashions to come The Fashion in the Elizabethan Era and Jacobean Era both gave way to a new era o fashion and clothing. They brought out some of the ideas in which are still present in todays dressing. It is quite obvious that they centered on fashion and many other things, but with it they brought great changes to the world as a whole. The changes and influence they had and still have on the world is quite enormous. The doors they open for us and the eyes they widened are those that let us all to build our own way and new way of STYLE.

Why were Alehouses and Gin-shops Threatening to Authorities?

Why were Alehouses and Gin-shops Threatening to Authorities? Why were alehouses and gin-shops threatening to the authorities? This essay will argue that alehouses and gin-shops were threatening to the authorities because they were deemed to disrupt the established social, political and economic order. Commentators of the time, labelled alehouses as nests of Satan[1] and gin-shops as the source of Theft, Murder and Perjury.[2] These hostelries were perceived a widespread menace linking them to crime, poverty, sedition, drunkenness and idleness. At the time, drinking took place in three main types of institutions: the coaching inn that supplied lodgings, victuals and replacement horses, taverns mainly in towns supplying beer and wine, and lastly alehouses, small, often one room, offering only beer. Whilst evidence suggests that government, Parliament, county magistrates and parish constables did not always worry about the same threats, it is likely that much protest and condemnation emanated from the inhabitants of the towns and cities. This viewpoint is supported by extensive research carried out on petition s, legislations, pamphlets, ballads and woodcut prints. There appears a difference in the charges levelled by the authorities between alehouses and gin-shops. With the alehouses, they were concerned in policing to prevent licentiousness and drunkenness, and the latter by moral reformers, targeting the spirits trade and the social problems caused by the labouring classes addiction to gin. This essay will look in detail at the threats posed by the alehouses and the response from government and Parliament. The protests rose from the judgments of the emerging middle-classes, moral reformers identified as Puritans, and local inhabitants. From the mid-seventeenth century, the authorities identified the potential seditious nature of some of the activities within the alehouses. The second part will identify the dangers that the gin craze posed to society at large, the size of the growing problem and the speed of the response of the authorities in tackling this issue. The social function of the alehouses, providing drinking, eating, gambling, dancing and even flirting cannot be underestimated, as these no longer occurred in churchyards following the English Reformation of the 1530s.[3] Recent studies estimate that by 1570 there were 24,000 alehouses, a ratio of 1 every 142 inhabitants, this rose to 50,000 by the 1630s and hit a peak of 60,000 in 1700, a ratio of 1 to every 87 residents.[4] Clearly, as evidence suggests, alehouses were becoming more and more popular, and more and more common within society. The corollary of this expansion infers the central nature and focus of social activities inside the alehouses. It was widely accepted that the alehouses were an essential institution run by the poor for the poor[5], and provided vital income for the innkeeper. In many ways, the alehouses could be said to offer the poor and the unemployed an alternative home.[6] Throughout this period the number of wage-earners within society grew and it is very likely that the authorities feared that people worked just long enough to earn their beer-money rather than spending it on their families, as a petition in Pewsey in Whiltshire demonstrates[7]. It could then be further claimed that this led to a greater strain upon poor relief provided by the parishes because of feckless parents. Samuel Pepys, the diarist, reflects this viewpoint in one of the ballads in his collection: in The Bad-Husbands Folly or Poverty made known a drunken husband who used to spend all his money in strong beer, neglecting his family obligations, repents and vows not to return to the alehouse because Bad company did me undo.[8] The Licencing Act of 1552, set in motion some legal controls over the proliferation of the alehouses, the law stated that to open an alehouse a licence issued by two local Justices of the Peace and evidence of a good character were required.[9] It should also be noted that the late 1500s were a period of bad harvests, hence Parliament and magistrates were probably concerned in storing the grain rather than allowing it to be used for brewing. However, this legislation failed to curb the growth in numbers of the alehouses due to the people not complying with the law and most of them remained unlicensed. This section will address the concerns of the moral reformers, known as Puritans, and of the self-declared better-sort or chief inhabitants of the towns towards the alehouses. Puritanical thought emerged from Protestantism and comprised a moral view of family life in line with scripture. They exercised authority via positions of prominence within society and were ministers of religion, Justices of the Peace, the middle-classes and the gentry. Puritan ministers were not opposed to drinking alcohol in moderation, however the excesses of the alehouses, with all that that entails and the resultant effects on family life were to be condemned. Ministers often took the lead in organising petitions against disorderly alehouses that attracted thieves, prostitutes, gamblers and female drunkards. This hotter sort of Protestants wrote pamphlets attacking the tipplers of the drunkards academye[10] as immoral, depraved and dissolute. Moreover, alehouses attracted people of ill-repute who preferred to drink rather than attend church services on the Sabbath. In addition, a recent study has proved that Puritans disliked the ritual of health-drinking or toasting, full of ceremony, that reminded them of Papist traditions of drinking from the same cup.[11] Besides, healths were often described as lascivious acts that deliberately scorned puritan values and, by declaring allegiance to the king, they were straightforward in resisting Cromwells puritanical regime.[12] Whilst during the Interregnum of 1649-1660 no new legislation was enacted against the alehouses, greater enforcement was undertaken to vet and bar royalist sympathisers from obtaining a licence.[13] Another offensive came from the local yeomanry, gentry and middle-class, who unlike the Puritans, did not seek to suppress all the alehouses, but to censure the ones who were deemed to be in excess, those without a licence, off the beaten path, unruly and disruptive. It was clear that the sheltering of vagrants and prostitutes, the trade of illicit goods and excessive alcohol consumption beyond the point of drunkenness, led to a lack of sleep at night, fights and unchaste behaviour. This habit is cited in the case of Michael Fayered of Inworth in Essex who was accused of having evill rule in his house all night long.[14] Even women alehouse-keepers were deemed to be a menace with the assumption they were setting up brothels and running these establishments with immoral sexual conduct. The number of court cases and protests brought to the attention of government, who sought to limit the effects of drunkenness, led to the Acts of 1604, 1606 and 1618. For the first time, being drunk in public was a finable offence and the annual renewal of licences was established.[15] These acts were more successful than the 1552 Licensing Act and provided some control in confining disorderly behaviour. However, gaming, swearing, tippling, theft, assault and illicit sex were common cases in the law courts. James Scott in his book claims that alehouses hosted a radically subversive culture, one that was well hidden from the view of the elites, hence he coined the term hidden transcript.[16] In support of his thesis, he cites a court case of 1691 where an ale seller in Whiltshire denied hearing any seditious discourses in his house, and that he usually advised his customers not to talk about governments affairs.[17] This statement may infer that political discourse was commonly taking place. In addition, it is possible that it was within the inns and taverns, institutions frequented by the better-sort, that plots against the Crown were hatched. At the same time authorities were concerned about what was really taking place in the alehouses. In the light of these inappropriate political discourses, the targeting of the alehouses might have become a priority for the authorities who sought to crack-down on these behaviours by instituting spies. Records from seventeenth-century Southampton sh ow that a tight surveillance, by both publican and landlords, was in place[18] to make sure that their principal use, victualling and lodging, remained the primary purpose and disorderly behaviour actively discouraged. Thus, the emphasis of the authorities shifted to all forms of recreational drinking which were assumed to be a threat to law and order. Recent historical investigations support the viewpoint that the role of the alehouses for social purposes was more important than the subversive nature previously thought. The observed correlation between alehouses and drunkenness has, in recent years, moved into investigating the alehouse sociability in a more lenient and a less radical approach. The scholar Mark Hailwood demonstrates that it was not always the case that alehouses were the source of lewd behaviour and political radicalism, and that the relationship between getting drunk and being sociable was not antagonistic but interdependent.[19] Sociability might have provided so cial cohesion among people who worked and lived in the same neighbourhood, a jovial environment rather than chaos and disorder. From the proliferation to the peak of the alehouses it took roughly one hundred and fifty years, and several Acts of Parliament before the authorities brought the alehouses under control. By the end of the seventeenth century a new threat appeared on the horizon, namely the Gin Craze. Looking at the effect gin shops had on society and their threat to the authorities, there was an ever-increasing consumption of gin following the banning of French brandy in 1689 by William III. This ban and the London Company of Distillers losing its monopoly led to the increased production of cheap British gin and the establishment of unregulated distillers, who often put turpentine and other lethal ingredients as part of their concoctions. Consequently, thousands of small gin-shops opened in cellars, back rooms of private homes, some people even sold it from pushcarts in the streets. With no regulations in place and a cheap price, the so-called Gin Craze took off. By the mid-1720s the practice of regularly attending dram shops, especially amongst Londons labouring and poor classes, had become a significant social and health concern for the authorities, with the impeding need to pass legislation designed to control the consumption of gin. In contrast to the alehouses, the gin trade and its consumption were opposed mainly by the propertied classes, Puritans and a coalition of Middlesex and Westminster Justices. It can be claimed that the 1729 Gin Act did little or nothing to limit the number of unlicensed premises, which in London alone were about 4,000.[20] Protests against the gin trade reached a fever-pitch by 1735 with the publication of pamphlets, cartoons and treatises. These discourses claimed that drunkenness caused by gin in the street was responsible for social disorders, with an increased number of robberies, fights, murders and deaths by intoxication. It was inferred that the consumption of gin may have been linked to idleness and the incapacity to work, resulting in opportunistic crimes being committed to obtain money to satisfy their addiction to Mother Gin. The Puritans feared that the addled minds of drunk people might have supported the ever-present Jacobean threat, resulting in a return to Catholicism in Britain. These concerns have been well summarised in the 1736 Thomas Wilsons pamphlet Distilled Spirituous Liquors the Bane of the Nation: people were enervated by a fatal love of a slow but sure Poyson.[21] The likely lobbying of Sir John Gonson, a Westminster magistrate, associated with the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and Sir Joseph Jekyll, played an active role in the contended passage of the 1736 Gin Act that increased license fees and fines, and also aimed to reduce the smuggling of gin.[22] Historians have started to investigate the impact of gin drinking on society, and according to Peter Clark, the reformists campaign against the spirits trade was exaggerated and sensationalist.[23] His theory is supported by records of the time which demonstrate that in Clarkenwell, Mile End and Stepney, where gin selling was widespread, there was no substantial evidence of increased crime rates, and this was also reflected in the wider country. Despite legislation being enacted in 1736, it failed to regulate gin selling leading to widespread public disorder by 1738. Many of the gin-shops and street gin selling occurred in the southern and eastern suburbs of London where gin was mostly popular amongst women. The increasingly observable situation of drunk mothers and neglected children caused moral outrage to the Puritans with their view of family life[24]. There was a polarisation between drunken behaviour and thriftiness promoted by moralists. It was believed that heavy drinking was increasing the number of mothers and babies deaths, and that gin was the root of disruption of domestic oeconomy and respectability. It was also widely perceived that gin-drinking mothers were regarded to produce a Spindle shankd generation,[25] with the foetus being damaged in the womb. Above all, it was a commonly held thought that drunkenness led to fecklessness, and people were condemned to a life of misery. The renowned 1751 engraving by Wi lliam Hogarth, Gin Lane,[26] highlights all these threats posed to society. The print pictorialises the violence of excessive gin consumption depicting a ragged bare-breasted mother scraping the contents of her snuff box as her child is toppling from her arms down a cellar that bears the inscription Drunk for a penny, Dead drunk for twopence. The new 1751 Act was effective and restricted retailing to respectable sellers and raised duties on distilling, subsequently gin consumption fell. Overall, it can be asserted that the offensives of Parliament, middling urban society and reformers towards gin consumption blamed the poor for their behaviour. This essay had discussed the different reasons why alehouses and gin-shops were a threat to the authorities in early modern England. Even though the consumption of ale had existed within English society in perpetuity, the increased popularity and concentration of excessive beer drinking became a problem from the mid-sixteenth century. Although the authorities were not against drinking per se, they were worried about the acts of disorder caused by excessive drinking. The authority exercised on the alehouses came from above, government and Parliament, and from below by Puritans and citizens. On the other hand, the gin craze was a sudden import from the continent in the late 1600s and started in metropolitan areas as opposed to the mostly rural alehouses. As demonstrated, the gin craze presented similar problems to the authorities as the alehouses, but included more acute threats that required urgent action: extreme criminality, adult mortality and infant deformity. It should be noted t hat the authorities reaction to the alehouses spanned a period of about one-hundred and fifty years and multiple acts of legislation by Parliament. This is a marked difference to legislation against the gin trade that took over a period of about twenty years culminating in the provisions set out in the Act of 1736. The seditious nature of alehouses only became to be considered a problem from the mid-1600s, prior to this period the alehouses were a focus of social discord which could have deemed to have been a threat to authority but it was not in its nature seditious. On the other hand, gin-shops were deemed to be seditious since their inception. The difference in the response by authorities to the alehouses and gin-shops could be partially explained by the hidden rural proliferation of the alehouses amongst the poor, compared to the self-evident chaos observable in Gin Lane by the urban upper and middle-classes. The influence of puritanism and its revulsion of the amoral family val ues, that resulted from the gin-craze, was probably more keenly felt in the metropolitan areas rather than in the countryside. Ultimately, it is very interesting to note the changes in historical perspective with regards to beer. As detailed in Hogarths Beer Street and Gin Lane[27], intended to be viewed together, alehouses were not seen as places of chaos and disorder any more, they were rather a site of social conviviality, in contrast with the parish of St. Giles portrayed as an urban image of an alcohol-induced road to oblivion. [1] Christopher Hudson 1631 in Peter, Clark, The Alehouse and the Alternative Society in Donald Pennington and Keith Thomas (eds.), Puritans and Revolutionaries. Essays in Seventeenth-Century History presented to Christopher Hill, (Oxford, 1978), p.47 [2] Hogarth, William and Fielding, Henry, Gin Lane, (1751) [accessed 15 February 2017] [3] Mark, Hailwood, Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England, (Boydell and Brewer Ltd, 2014),p.5 [4] Peter, Clark, The English Alehouse: a Social History 1200-1830, (London, 1983),pp.42-47 [5] Clark, The Alehouse,p.53 [6] Patricia, Fumerton, Not Home: Alehouses, Ballads and the Vagrant Husband in Early Modern England, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies,32:3 (Fall 2002),p.505 [7] Hailwood, Alehouses,p.41 [8] The Bad-Husbands Folly; or, Poverty made known (c.1671-1702), in Pepys Ballads, IV, p. 77 [accessed 15 February 2017] [9] James, Nicholls, The Politics of Alcohol: A History of the Drink Question in England, (Manchester University Press, 2011),p.11 [10] Sir Richard Grosvenor 1625 in Hailwood, Alehouses,p.19 [11] Angela, McShane, Material Culture and Political Drinking in Seventeenth Century England, Past and Present Supplement 9, (2014),p.260 [12] Marika, Keblusek, Wine for Comfort: Drinking and The Royalist Exile Experience, 1642-1660, in Adam Smyth (ed.), A Pleasing Sinne. Drink and Conviviality in Seventeenth-Century England, (Cambridge, 2004),pp.55-68 [13] Bernard, Capp, Englands Culture Wars: Puritan Reformation and Its Enemies in the Interregnum, 1649-1660, (Oxford University Press, 2012),pp.162 [14] Keith, Wrightson, Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590-1660 in Eileen Yeo and Stephen Yeo, (eds.), Popular Culture and Class Conflict 1590-1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure, (The Harvester Press Limited, 1981),p.8 [15] Nicholls, Politics,pp.13-15 [16] Scott in Hailwood, Alehouses,p.65 [17] Ibid.,pp.70 [18] James, Brown, Drinking Houses and the Politics of Surveillance in Pre-industrial Southampton, in B. KÃ ¼min (ed.), Political space in Pre-industrial Europe, (Ashgate, 2009),pp.61-80 [19] Mark, Hailwood,'It puts good reason into brains: Popular Understandings of the Effects of Alcohol in Seventeenth-Century England,Brewery History,150 (2013),p.14 [20] Peter, Clark, The Mother Gin Controversy in the Early Eighteenth Century, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,vol.38 (1988),p.68 [21] Wilson in Jonathan, White, The slow but sure Poyson: The Representation of Gin and its Drinkers,1736-1751, Journal of British Studies,42:1(2003),p.46 [22] Clark, Mother Gin,pp.74-75 [23] Ibid.,p.72 [24] Maddox in White, The Representation,p.59-63 [25] Nicholls, The Politics,p.40 [26] Hogarth, Gin Lane, (1751) [27] Hogarth, Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751)

Employment Law Essay examples -- Law

Introduction In many countries the state’s role in employment relations is not something that can be ignored. The state, which is characterized by a set of institutions made of the executive, legislature, the judiciary, the local government and the police, is a system of political domination that exercises power with the legitimate usage of violence, money supply and taxation. The presence of the state in any aspect of life of its citizens is pervasive, whether it is through macroeconomic policies or its role as an employer or even through legislation. In the capitalist world we live in today the state cannot be left out in any aspect pertaining to its citizens. The state (government) is applying policies on the basis that other participants in the employment relations system (employers and the trade unions) cannot manage to take control of all the aspects involved in the work system (Palmer, 2007). Since the federal elections of 2004, the policy of industrial relations issue has been all over. The competing goals of the employees and employers are evident through the trade unions and third parties. The managements’ objectives are paramount with regards to market efficiency with limited space for other interests. Therefore, curtailing trade unions’ activities and setting tribunals to regulate conditions and wages in the name of free markets is increasing. The states talks of advocating for democracy, having limited interventions s as to bring about industrial harmony in certain sectors of the economy, but in practice it has intervened in almost all the sectors of the economy (Adams, 200 ). This therefore begs the question, should the state play an intervening role in employment relations, and if so, to what extent and why? .. ...the sectoral and national interests are integrated to increase productivity. The collective bargaining system should also be independent to develop a more equitable and balanced tripartite relationship (Adams, 2001). Works Cited Adams, J. (2001) .Comparative Industrial Relations: Contemporary Research and Theory. London: Harper CollinsAcademic. Creighton, B. & Stewart, A. (2005). Labour Law. Annandale: The Federation Press. Dunlop, T. (1998). Industrial Relation Stystem.New York: Holt. Keller, K. (2001). The Role of the State as Corporate Actor in Comparative Industrial Relations: Contemporary Research and Theory. London: Harper Collins Academic. Ozaki, M. (1999). Negotiating flexibility: the role of the social partners and the state. London: international Labour Organization. Palmer, G. (2007). Employment Relations. New York: Macmillan Education.

Revelations Brought Forth from the Scaffolding Scenes in The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Within the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne the imagery of revelation works as a reoccurring theme to bring the reader into the characters view of the incidences going on before them. These ‘revelations’, scattered throughout the story, work as awakenings or realizations of the current situation that the character is presently in or situations they may have to face in the future. All of the characters presented into the story have revelations of some sort. One key discovery theme used in this story is the realization of identification; this is presented as the characters previously thinking they knew somebody and what they stood for, yet they are proved wrong in their beliefs. Another reoccurrence of a theme, used in the story, is the usage of the scaffolding in the center of town to unfold a revelation in the characters lives. The scaffolding situation takes place three times within the story, each time with a different circumstance and a change of the witnesses t o the scene; but with a revelation that slightly changes the character from what they were before they stood upon the scaffolding. The first instance when the scaffolding appears is the beginning of the story when Hester Prynne is sentenced to stand upon it, bearing her child and the ominous letter ‘A’, for a set time as her punishment for adultery. This takes place during the day as the entire town is placed before to observe. The second scene of scaffold revelation brings the Reverend Dimmesdale to the top of the platform alone as he attempts to lift the weighty guilt off of his chest. Finally, towards the end of the story, we see Hester, Reverend Dimmesdale, and their child, Pearl standing together in front of the judging crowd. In each of these scenes the revelations captured in that moment by the character or characters remain pivotal parts of story and ultimately of the characters lives. The first scaffolding scene serves as a revelation to, I believe, everyone in the town. Hester’s crime surely must have touched somebody in the large crowd with a revelation of their own guilt. Shame for a past covered sin or perhaps contempt, as even contempt is a sin that should yield shame, for Hester, herself, was most likely felt in many of the townsfolk that day. Yet, the main revelations coming forth in this scene were brought forth by the realizations of the situations each character found his or herself presently in.

Comparison of two car advertisements

In this essay I plan to compare two car advertisements. One of which is about a large car, the other, a small car. In a year millions of pounds are spent on advertising so from that it is easy to accept that a car advertisement will cost a lot of money. Advertisement 1 has a frame of a Volkswagen Boulevard, facing towards the reader with three stereotypical cleaning ladies draped over the car in a humours fashion. The copy is presented below the frame with a slogan that uses both humour and rhyme. The frame does not let you see the back of the car, and the copy uses a range of print sizes. The print contains twelve short paragraphs. The advert is from the Sunday Times, which is a respectable broadsheet newspaper; the advert takes up a whole page, which is an A3 sized piece of paper. Advertisement 2 shows a large blue Volvo Estast in the countryside, surrounded by rocks grass and trees. A woman and a man are standing behind the car unpacking or packing a hiking kit. The car is shown from the back with the boot open. The rocks and the scenery are presented like this to show that the car can be used on other landscapes; the colour of the car also blends in with the scenery, as it is a natural blue. The rocks suggest that the car is rugged, strong, and long lasting, which gives a positive view towards the Volvo. The alloy wheels give it a sporty viewpoint, which is backed up with the copy â€Å"performance cars†. Volvo's are well known for their safety and this is also subconsciously shown by the red lights on the back of the car, the helmet and all the other hiking equipment that is used for safety, like the ropes. The man acts as if he owns the car, he stands at the back dominantly as he stands he seems to be taking charge, he is closer to the car from this point you can see that the advert is obviously aimed towards the male audience. The boot of the car is open to show that there is lots of space, the amount of space is also shown by the angle the frame is shown at this can make the car look bigger than it actually is. Advertisement 1 obviously has women as its target audience as they have not used glamorous women over the cars and have not gone into great detail in describing the more technical features of the car. The advertisement captures the consumers attention through the amount of space the advert takes up, only approximately one third of the page is actually taken up by the car. There is a lot of empty space around the car, and because the car is being sold as a small car the visuals represent it. Throughout the advert it stresses the point that the car is small and compact. An example of this is in the copy with â€Å"quite a little number† little being the buzzword. The advert shows individualism. â€Å"Draping models over our cars has never been our style. This advertisement is also targeted towards first time buyers as it repeats â€Å"special edition† twice and it has minor details on price in the fine print under the normal print. In conclusion both adverts are aimed towards a rather different audience but both seem affective in what they have set out to do. Advertisement 1 tells of the car being small and compact and shows it many ways, whilst advert 2 tells and shows of the car being large and sports like and shows it using more frames then print. I could see a lot of people reading these adverts and wanting to buy the cars. There fourth I think that both advertisement companies do well in what they have set out to do.

Structural Functionalism vs Conflict Theory

Structural functionalism and conflict theory have some different points of view. One of them is that structural functionalism sees society as a complex system, that permit it to interact cohesively, and looks society as a macro-level orientation; while the conflict theory focuses on the social system that only work for a select few of society and is known because the struggle for dominance among social groups that compete for scarce resources. Knowing this, How different structural functionalism views gender than conflict theory does in a society?Gender differences are viewed from functionalism as an efficient way to create divisions and specializing of cooperative labour into specifically circumscribed tasks and roles. Also, it is viewed as a social system where particulars segments are responsible for specific labor acts.These division of labor are very efficient because create a maximum use of resources. This theory has been criticized for reifying gender roles. In functionalist p erspective gender roles contribute to social relations.Conflict theory has a different look of gender. In this theory gender is viewed as an attempt from male to keep power and privilege over female, and males are seen as the dominant group while females are seen as the subordinate group. The only reason why gender roles still exist is because to maintain their power and status the dominant group is still working for that.There exist some difference about how this two theories, functionalist and conflict perspective sees gender and what is the importance in society. In my personal opinion I’m more with the idea that functionalism have with gender.

How to Reduce Electricity Usage

Electricity is one of primary needed of human being in this time; most of equipment in the world uses electricity . Now Indonesia is facing a serious problem because the over usage of electricity and the capacity of electricity is deficiency. The needs of electricity is increase every year, in this situation reduce usage of electricity is very important.Most highest electricity usage time is between 5 pm to 10 pm , this time is the best time for reduce or avoid the usage of heavy electricity consuming equipments like water heater, computer, refrigerator and etc. There are several steps involved in reducing electricity usage. First, use the saver energy lamp. Lamp is absorbing more electricity power than other equipment; light has longer usage than other equipment, especially for incandescent lamp. Many people still using incandescent lamp at their house, particularly for villager.They use incandescent lamp because is cheaper than the saver energy lamp like Phillips lamp for example, maybe it is more expensive than incandescent lamp, but the saver energy lamp have longer usage lifetime than incandescent, and it is brighter than incandescent lamp. But actually incandescent lamps have bigger power consumed than other lamp, and 19% of electricity is absorbing by lamp. â€Å"Incandescent lamps are marketed in various forms and are available for voltage (voltage) of work that range from 1. 5 to 300 volts of electricity required volt. Incandescent lamp to produce a bright light is bigger than any other artificial light sources like fluorescent lamps and diode light, then gradually in some countries began to be restricted circulation of incandescent lamps† (1) Second, switch off all the electricity equipment when not in use. Many people forget for switch off the equipment went they leave, they just left it in the on condition and that really waste the electricity.The standby mode just decreases electricity usage of the device, but it still absorbing the electric ity power. To avoid this happened, better if use automatically off timer on television, air conditioner, and etc, it will switch off the equipment automatically and reduce wasting electricity. Third, do not use the heavy electricity equipments from 5 pm until 10 pm. In this time, the user of electricity is the highest usage number. One of the wasting electricity causes is because using heavy electricity equipment.Like ironing or use washing machine. It can increase the usage of electricity, better if using this kind of equipment at the daylight and use it when the clothes already pile up and that is really save the electricity power. â€Å"If 10 million house users can save as big as 50 watt during 5 pm until 10 pm, we can save electricity power 2500 million watt hour (2500 MWh). If each 1 KWh electricity needs 0,3 liter diesel , that means we were saving 750 kiloliter diesel in 5 hour. † (2) Last, use sunlight and wind at daylight as useful as possible.Sunlight can dry laund ry naturally without use dry machine, dry machine absorb twice time bigger electricity power than when washing clothes. And open all the windows in the house, so the sunlight can come in and we do not need lamp as the lighting. Sunlight also can be changed to the synthetic electricity with the solar panel, that why use sunlight is really useful. Besides that Turning off air conditioner or fan and use wind as the change, it will reduce much electricity power.By doing this several steps, the ways to save electricity usage will be easier. It also can help government to resolve the deficiency electricity problem. Besides that, it can decrease the electricity payment too. And many advantages can be reaching, like increase the lifetime of equipment (because it not use often) and reducing global warming. And this is really useful for the better future.

Conflict Management Essay

Any manager knows that conflict is something that is going to arise in any work place sometime or another. Any manager has to know how to deal with and overcome. Although when people hear the word conflict, they think that something bad may have happened, that is not necessary true. Conflict simply comes from differing viewpoints, because no two people are exactly alike, disagreement is quite normal between people. There are many different forms of conflicts, and can be within yourself when you are not living according to your values or it may arise when your values and perspective are threatened or discomfort from fear of the unknown. As stated earlier, conflict is not necessarily bad. It can help raise and address problems that are needed to be corrected and the organization can benefit from that. It can help motivate employees to participate in the decision-making process, because sometimes debating over issues can lead to interesting facts that others may not of realized or may not of though was a important. Conflict can also help people learn how to recognize and benefit from their differences, because then they can understand where another co-worker is coming from. The only time conflict can be a bad things, is when it is poorly managed or not understood within the workplace, and the ‘obvious’ leads to violence. Conflict can occur for many reasons in the workplace and some of the elements are poor communication between management and employees-most times this may arise when an employee does not interpret what the manager was saying, or tries to remember what it was the manager wanted done; the alignment or the amount of resources is insufficient-if a manager does not give enough resources for the employee to complete the project at hand, it can leave room for the organization’s competitors benefit; conflicting values or actions among managers and employees and poor leadership-if there are people that are in manager positions and do not have the right qualities to lead, that can reflect on the employees as well. Managers can minimize conflict in the workplace by reviewing the job descriptions and getting employees input on them. By doing this, managers knows how the employee is reacting to their position and can add more tasks or find a position that may better suit the employee. He/she needs to intentionally build relationships with all their employees that they manage. This can be accomplished by meeting with each employee alone at least once a month, quarterly or as needed depending on the size or time factor. Ask about the employee accomplishment, challenges and issues. Have employees do a written status report that include current issues, ideas, and evaluation on the management. Develop procedures for routine tasks and include input from the employees. Distribute a copy of the procedures to each employee and ask them to review it and make sure that everyone is on an agreement on the reports. Insure that each employee is trained on all procedures they need to perform, and if anyone is in question on their position give them the proper resources that they may seek. How a conflict is managed depends on the organization and the person standing in as the manager. Their skills on handling a situation will be weighed on they type of style they use to deal with such issues. In my current position, there is no managing administrative setting because we are so small. Everyone usually handles their workload and for the most part keeps to him or herself. Right now, we are in trust of everyone on doing his or her part. If there is a conflict between a situation or between employees whether it being a lack of communication or misplace of information, we all talk it out to find the issue. There is no real conflict between individuals. I am sure after our corporation grows, different managing styles will come into play, because like stated before not everyone is the same. According to the assessment that I completed, it was determined that I used the collaboration approach to conflict management. I pretty much knew that I had this style of management, because of situations that have arise not only in past work environments, but groups that I have been in. I believe that information from both parties is crucial, when trying to handle a situation.  It helps me determine who is at fault, or what information is still need to complete the task successfully. I also like to give positive feedback, to ensure that my employees understand that I do value not only their work, but them as well. When you give positive feedback as often as possible, this will cut down on many misunderstanding. When a problem between two people occurs it should be confronted immediately. If this problem continues, it will only escalate and become bigger the longer it goes on. I also believe that you should allow the other person to finish talking before you open your mouth. When you interrupt the other person, you might miss an important point that they are trying to make, or make them feel as you are not really listening to what they are saying, but also it’s common courtesy. I believe in seeking clarification from the other person, rather than jumping to a conclusion, because I don’t want to go off thinking one thing and the person really meant something else. I also believe that a conflict between two people should be dealt with in private, and not become group involvement. In conclusion, I think that the most important thing to remember when you are dealing with more than one person, you need to understand each other’s management styles as well as understanding that not everyone is the same. Conflict simply comes from differing viewpoints. Dealing with conflict as a manager takes special elements to mange â€Å"not† to or, conquer the situations that may arise between you, other people, or the organization. Bibliography Schermerhorn, Jr., J.P., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N. Organizational Behavior (7thEd.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002 The Organizational Behavior Skills Workbook, Conflict Management Styles, Assessment 20, p. 356; University of Phoenix, (MGT-331 – E -Resource) Internet

Orphan Trains Essay

Throughout the generations America has transformed and evolved drastically to become the nation it is today. Many can argue that several things have happened in America that are what shaped it to the country it is today industrially, socially and economically. A man by the name of Charles brace had a dream of getting underprivileged children off the streets and gave them the tools and opportunities to live great normal lives. Between 1854- 1929 an estimated 200,000 American children, some orphaned or half-orphaned, others abandoned- but all in need of families- traveled west by rail as part of a â€Å"placing out† program started by Charles, called the Children’s Aid Society. (Warren, 4) This dream exploded around the U. S into what is now known as The Orphan Train Movement; a movement that sparked opportunity and new life for underprivileged children. Early on in American History, children who were left by their families were usually left to be cared for by their relatives or neighbors. There were very few services at the time to help struggling families in need, or to even rescue children. It was in the late 1800’s and even as late as the 1900’s where laws advocating children’s rights were being enacted. The only places where children could be left at the time were Orphanages and most were extremely overcrowded and uncomfortable. Children were not given much time or attention or even food. Adoption was not yet universally popular at the time, and there were not many laws protecting the rights of children. Often times in a lower to middle class household a family relied on its children to work in order to make ends meet. For many families it was a struggle but manageable, however, for others it was just too much and this lead to many children being left on the streets of major cities, like New York and Manhattan. Charles Brace originally arrived in New York City in 1848 to study Theology but could not help but notice the overflow of abandoned children living on the streets. Brace had made a trip to Europe, where he saw first-hand how orphans were being taken by charitable organizations to areas where they were better off with families that would raise them as their own children. After this trip Charles decided to take that concept and start his own. By 1853 Charles Brace founded the Children’s Aid Society, which was derived from the same principles he witnessed in an Institute during his time in Germany. Charles’ goal was to give children access to education as well as jobs who would not have had the opportunity otherwise. A quote from Charles Brace says â€Å"The best of all Asylums for the outcast child is the farmers’ home. The great duty is to get these children of unhappy fortune utterly out of their surroundings and to send them away to kind Christian homes in the country. In 1854 Brace sent the first group of forty six children to Michigan. Within a week of arrival, they all had homes to live in. It was clear that his idea would be extremely promising. Pretty soon thousands of children were being placed out, from the streets, even from jail. Later, Charles derived a plan to be able to send kids where they could learn a skill, contribute to society, and (ideally) be a part of a family. This sparked a huge movement for the early stages of modern adoption. Charles Brace was the first to really come up with the idea of a â€Å"relocation program† on a major scale. The ultimate goal for Charles Brace was for the children to have the opportunity to be transformed out in the country as opposed to the desperate living conditions they would face in the City. It may seem as though Charles Brace just stole an idea he once saw in Europe and later made a fortune of it here in America, however this is not the case. Brace put in a lot of his own effort before placing out children in masses. Charles truly cared for the well-being of every child. In the City, he sent out physicians and nurses to offer medical care and started a daycare center for mothers who had to work. Brace set up lodging houses for newsboys and set up schools to teach children trades or occupations to support themselves. He also made it possible for underprivileged children to receive free school lunches. (This now exists to today as free or reduced lunch, based on family income). A big contributing factor to the idea Brace came up with as far as †placing out west†, was that he felt families with good hearts in small towns and on farms, would take the children in as their own, educate them, and also provide them with a religious upbringing. In return, these children would contribute their hard work and labor to the family which was expected from any child at that time. The only exception to this was extremely privileged children who were brought up from wealth. There are numerous positive outcomes that came from the orphan trains but also a few negative ones. Usually, groups of about thirty to forty children would travel together on the trains. When the orphan trains arrived to their designated towns, everyone in those towns would gather around for the â€Å"viewing†. The most common way the children were viewed, were at churches or big buildings that included stages or a way to see the children from afar. This process was the most daunting and humiliating for the children. In the book We Rode the Orphan Trains by Andrea Warren she writes, â€Å"As Hazelle Latimer, now deceased, who rode an orphan train to Texas in 1918, she remembered, â€Å"We were lined up on the stage and all I could see was wall-to-wall people. They surrounded us, made us turn around, lift our skirts to see if our legs were straight, and open our mouths to show our teeth. A very humiliating day†. Warren, 49) On the other hand there were several children who found loving new families, and were raised with comfort and support. â€Å"For most of our history, until the twentieth century, the social worth of children was understood primarily in terms of economic rather than emotional value†¦. From the earliest age when a child could hold a spinning card, she was likely engaged in household industry. By the age of twelve or so most children were treated as adult producers’’(Jalongo, 2010) It was not always easy for some, children would be separated from their brothers and sisters a lot of the time. There were several instances where children would grow up and later find their lost relatives after the sometimes, inevitable separation caused by the orphan trains. Even though the separation was wrenching, the majority of the children involved In the Orphan Train movement grew up to be well-rounded people and used the tools they learned growing up to carry on in their adulthood. Many cases of children being mistreated in their new homes, or treated as servants, could have been avoided. The Children’s Aid Society had agents who’s duty was to make frequent checkups on the children in their homes but with poor documentation and increasing number of children it seemed to be a lost cause. The New York Foundling Hospital was second to the Children’s Aid Society in placing children. In these days, a hospital could mean more than just treating a bad wound or giving you medical attention. It could also mean receiving care other than medical. Sisters for Charity, lead by Sister Irene, were in charge of caring for the children left at the hospital. They set up cradles where children could be left and in many instances, infants and toddlers would be left with notes on them. Notes would say things such as â€Å"Agustus, born October 16, 1879. Take good care of my darling. † (Warren, 15) The sisters soon received countless children that were being dropped off by mothers or families who could not care for them. It was not long before they began to develop the same mindset as Charles Brace and only hope that the best situation for a child is to be living in a home with a family. Soon, the sisters were sending many of their small children out west to pre-assigned catholic homes. Soon after, another type of trend of the orphan trains began and was known as â€Å"baby trains†. They were of great interest to the public and people often would come in crowds to watch children be united with their new families. The orphan trains and the baby trains were very similar in how they overall operated as a whole however, there were a few key differences. The Sisters worked in conjunction with Priests throughout the Midwest and South in an effort to place these children in Catholic families. While the Children’s Aid Society requested that the children they place be given spiritual training (the choice of religion was left up to the â€Å"adoptive† family), the Foundling Hospital’s placements were strictly to Catholic families. â€Å"Probably the largest difference in how the Foundling Hospital placed their children is that the children were not sent out to be â€Å"randomly† adopted from a town hall or opera house, but were â€Å"requested† ahead of time by families who wanted a child. †(Dipasquale) In a sense it was much more organized and civil the way the Sisters handled the infants. The Orphan Trains ended in 1930 for numerous reasons, the most affective of these are; a decreased need for farm labor, and the onset of the Great Depression. Even though these two organizations were very different in some aspects they were both primarily the key functions of the Orphan Train Movement. Without a doubt this movement was life-changing and unfortunately resides as a much unheard of occurrence in our history lessons in the present day. Several people now have extreme mixed reviews about the Orphan Trains and what its true motives were. Charles Brace was a man who sought to give opportunity to the lives of those which at the time were almost invisible to society or just a form of cheap labor. â€Å"When a charitable organization takes action, it is out of a desire to help its clients, yet a determination of whether those actions represented a stride forward often occurs much later, when subsequent generations take the long view back†. (Jalongo ) The Orphan Trains were not of much use anymore after the start of the Great Depression. Social Service agencies had begun placing children in foster homes with the intention of restoring them back to their original families. Immigrants that were coming to America were making a much easier transition, and had new programs available to them that would help them get jobs and housing. Since the majority of the children of the Orphan Train Movement were from families of immigrants, this is a great indication of why the Orphan Trains were no longer in need. Today the Orphan Train Heritage Society of America exists and works to help spread the word about the orphan trains. A movement that is relatively unknown to our society today, could quite accurately be referred to as the same movement that was the beginning of foster care and modern adoption in America. It is estimated that about 2 million people in America today are descendants of an orphan train rider. Charles Brace was a simple man with a compelling idea to give opportunity to those in need. His steps were extreme and often times ridiculed, but he was also admired for his works and even recognized as the father of modern adoption. He wrote, ‘‘when a child of the streets stands before you in rags, with a tear-stained face, you cannot easily forget him. And yet, you are perplexed about what to do. The human soul is difficult to interfere with. You hesitate how far you should go’’.